KO and classification instruction objectives: Are we keeping up with the transformation of our field?

Each objective listed in courses entirely or partially dedicated to knowledgeorganization (KO) and bibliographic classification in 30 distinct LIS programs was categorized as to: 1. its nature; 2. its subject; 3. its focus; 4. its taxonomic level. The results tend to reinforce observations made over the past 30 years in relation to KO and classification courses. Teaching and learning objectives tend to bevery general, with a clearly dominant theoretical focus. Few objectives focus specifically on the complex process of analyzing subjects, and on new types of skills now required to work with classification structures available in digital form. And even if KO educators recognize the necessity for students to develop high-level analytic and evaluative skills, there are very few references to those skills in current course objectives

Vocabulaire employé pour l'accès thématique aux documents d'archives patrimoniaux : étude linguistique exploratoire de termes de recherche, de description, d'indexation

Les usagers recherchent des documents d’archives par sujet mais l’accès offert dans les services d’archives est principalement par provenance : il réside un écart entre l’accès recherché et l’accès offert. Pour répondre à la demande des usagers, certains services d’archives fournissent déjà des accès thématiques. Les instruments de recherche de ces précurseurs servent de base à notre recherche. Nous avons analysé le vocabulaire que les archivistes emploient pour décrire et indexer par sujet, c’est-à-dire le choix des mots et les relations sémantiques que ces mots entretiennent les uns avec les autres dans les documents dont ils sont issus (notices descriptives, index). Parallèlement, nous avons analysé le vocabulaire des usagers dans les questions envoyées par courriel à la référence avec la réponse de l’archiviste. Ainsi, notre étude couvre une large partie de la chaîne communicationnelle entre les usagers et les documents d’archives qu’ils recherchent par sujet. La comparaison de ces deux vocabulaires a fait émerger l’écart sémantique qui les sépare. Par l’étude des termes de recherche, de description, d’indexation, nous souhaitons contribuer à l’avancement des connaissances sur le vocabulaire employé pour l’accès thématique aux archives patrimoniales (VATAP). Notre méthode de recherche est l’étude de corpus. Nous étudions les relations sémantiques entre les termes d’un corpus de termes provenant de quatre sources de données (questions d’usagers à la référence, réponses d’archivistes, notices descriptives, index), collectées dans trois milieux. Nous circonscrivons la recherche à des données de centres ou services d’archives de grande envergure parce qu’ils ont les moyens de développer des outils pour encadrer et faciliter l’accès. L’originalité de notre recherche réside dans l’application de la linguistique à l’étude du VATAP. Par cette recherche, nous souhaitons décrire le VATAP et contribuer à l’amélioration de l’accès thématique aux archives patrimoniales en émettant des recommandations à l’usage des archivistes à partir de l’étude des relations sémantiques les plus fréquentes dans notre corpus. La formalisation linguistique nécessaire à notre recherche pourrait servir de prémisses à une automatisation de l’indexation. Cette étude exploratoire du vocabulaire des usagers permettra aux établissements participants de mieux connaître cet aspect du profil de leur clientèle.Users carry out searches for archives by subject, yet the access offered in the archives is mainly by provenance resulting in a gap between the desired access and the offered access. To meet users’ demand, some archival services already offer access by subject. Research instruments used by these services provide the basis for our research. We analyzed the vocabulary used by archivists to describe and to index archival documents by subject. That is to say, the choice of words and the semantic relationships that exist between the meanings of these words in the documents from which they come from (descriptions, index). We analyzed both the users’ vocabulary in the questions asked to the reference archivist by email and the answers offered by the latter. Thus, our study covers a large part of the communicative chain between users and archives they are looking for by subject. The comparison of these two vocabularies has brought out the semantic gap that separates them. By studying the terms used for research, for description, and for indexing, we wish to contribute to the advancement of knowledge on the vocabulary used for thematic access to heritage archives (VATAP). We have chosen corpus studies as our research methodology. We study the semantic relationships between the terms in a corpus from four data sources (user-to-reference questions, reference archivists’ answers, descriptions, indexes), collected from three different archives services. We limit our research to data obtained from large archival repositories as they have the means to develop tools to guide and facilitate access. The originality of our research lies in the application of linguistics to the study of VATAP. Our study describes VATAP and contributes to a better accessing of heritage archives by subject. We accomplish this by formulating recommendations for the archivists’ use based on the study of the most frequent semantic relationships in our corpus. The linguistic formalization needed for our research could serve as a premise for automatic indexing. This exploratory study of users’ vocabulary allows participating institutions to better understand this aspect of their users’ profile

Archives et création : nouvelles perspectives sur l'archivistique. Cahier 1

Ce cahier de recherche fait état des travaux menés au cours de la première étape (2013-2014) du projet « Archives et création : nouvelles perspectives sur l’archivistique ». Il comprend les textes suivants : Yvon Lemay et Anne Klein, « Introduction », p. 4-6; Yvon Lemay, « Archives et création : nouvelles perspectives sur l’archivistique », p. 7-19; Anne-Marie Lacombe, « Exploitation des archives à des fins de création : un aperçu de la littérature », p. 20-59; Simon Côté-Lapointe, « Archives sonores et création : une pratique à la croisée des chemins », p. 60-83; Hélène Brousseau, « Fibres, archives et société », p. 84-104; Annie Lecompte-Chauvin, « Comment les archives entrent dans nos vies par le biais de la littérature », p. 105-120; Aude Bertrand, « Valeurs, usages et usagers des archives », p. 121-150; Laure Guitard, « Indexation, émotions, archives », p. 151-168; Anne Klein, Denis Lessard et Anne-Marie Lacombe, « Archives et mise en archives dans le champ culturel. Synthèse du colloque « Archives et création, regards croisés : tournant archivistique, courant artistique », p. 169-178. De plus, dans le but de situer le projet dans un contexte plus large, le cahier inclut une bibliographie des travaux effectués sur les archives et la création depuis 2007, p. 179-182.Le projet de recherche est financé par le Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada (Programme Savoir, 2013-2016)

The imprint of the Slave Trade in an African American population: mitochondrial DNA, Y chromosome and HTLV-1 analysis in the Noir Marron of French Guiana

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Retracing the genetic histories of the descendant populations of the Slave Trade (16^th-19^thcenturies) is particularly challenging due to the diversity of African ethnic groups involved and the different hybridisation processes with Europeans and Amerindians, which have blurred their original genetic inheritances. The Noir Marron in French Guiana are the direct descendants of maroons who escaped from Dutch plantations in the current day Surinam. They represent an original ethnic group with a highly blended culture. Uniparental markers (mtDNA and NRY) coupled with HTLV-1 sequences (<it>env </it>and LTR) were studied to establish the genetic relationships linking them to African American and African populations.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>All genetic systems presented a high conservation of the African gene pool (African ancestry: mtDNA = 99.3%; NRY = 97.6%; HTLV-1 e<it>nv </it>= 20/23; HTLV-1 LTR = 6/8). Neither founder effect nor genetic drift was detected and the genetic diversity is within a range commonly observed in Africa. Higher genetic similarities were observed with the populations inhabiting the Bight of Benin (from Ivory Coast to Benin). Other ancestries were identified but they presented an interesting sex-bias. Whilst male origins spread throughout the north of the bight (from Benin to Senegal), female origins were spread throughout the south (from the Ivory Coast to Angola).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The Noir Marron are unique in having conserved their African genetic ancestry, despite major cultural exchanges with Amerindians and Europeans through inhabiting the same region for four centuries. Their maroon identity and the important number of slaves deported in this region have maintained the original African diversity. All these characteristics permit to identify a major origin located in the former region of the Gold Coast and the Bight of Benin; regions highly impacted by slavery, from which goes a sex-biased longitudinal gradient of ancestry.</p

Complete mitochondrial DNA sequences provide new insights into the Polynesian motif and the peopling of Madagascar

More than a decade of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) studies have given the 'Polynesian motif' renowned status as a marker for tracing the late-Holocene expansion of Austronesian speaking populations. Despite considerable research on the Polynesian motif in Oceania, there has been little equivalent work on the western edge of its expansion - leaving major issues unresolved regarding the motif's evolutionary history. This has also led to considerable uncertainty regarding the settlement of Madagascar. In this study, we assess mtDNA variation in 266 individuals from three Malagasy ethnic groups: the Mikea, Vezo, and Merina. Complete mtDNA genome sequencing reveals a new variant of the Polynesian motif in Madagascar; two coding region mutations define a Malagasy-specific sub-branch. This newly defined 'Malagasy motif' occurs at high frequency in all three ethnic groups (13-50%), and its phylogenetic position, geographic distribution, and estimated age all support a recent origin, but without conclusively identifying a specific source region. Nevertheless, the haplotype's limited diversity, similar to those of other mtDNA haplogroups found in our Malagasy groups, best supports a small number of initial settlers arriving to Madagascar through the same migratory process. Finally, the discovery of this lineage provides a set of new polymorphic positions to help localize the Austronesian ancestors of the Malagasy, as well as uncover the origin and evolution of the Polynesian motif itself

Nose-only inhalations of high-dose alumina nanoparticles/hydrogen chloride gas mixtures induce strong pulmonary pro-inflammatory response: a pilot study

Objective Solid composite propellants combustion, in aerospace and defense fields, can lead to complex aerosols emission containing high concentrations of alumina nanoparticles (Al2O3 NPs) and hydrogen chloride gas (HClg). Exposure to these mixtures by inhalation is thus possible but literature data toward their pulmonary toxicity are missing. To specify hazards resulting from these combustion aerosols, a pilot study was implemented. Materials and methods Male Wistar rats were nose-only exposed to Al2O3 NPs (primary size 13 nm, 10 g/L suspension leading to 20.0–22.1 mg/m3 aerosol) and/or to HClg aerosols (5 ppm target concentration) following two exposure scenarios (single exposures (SE) or repeated exposures (RE)). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) content and lungs histopathology were analyzed 24 h after exposures. Results Repeated co-exposures increased total proteins and LDH concentrations in BALF indicating alveolar–capillary barrier permeabilization and cytolysis. Early pulmonary inflammation was induced after RE to Al2O3 NPs ± HClg resulting in PMN, TNF-α, IL-1β, and GRO/KC increases in BALF. Both exposure scenarios resulted in pulmonary histopathological lesions (vascular congestions, bronchial pre-exfoliations, vascular and interalveolar septum edemas). Lung oxidative damages were observed in situ following SE. Conclusion Observed biological effects are dependent on both aerosol content and exposure scenario. Results showed an important pro-inflammatory effect of Al2O3 NPs/HClg mixtures on the lungs of rat 24 h after exposure. This pilot study raises concerns toward potential long-term pulmonary toxicity of combustion aerosols and highlights the importance for further studies to be led in order to define dose limitations and exposure thresholds for risk management at the work place

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: An Emulated Target Trial Analysis.

RATIONALE: Whether COVID patients may benefit from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) compared with conventional invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effect of ECMO on 90-Day mortality vs IMV only Methods: Among 4,244 critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 included in a multicenter cohort study, we emulated a target trial comparing the treatment strategies of initiating ECMO vs. no ECMO within 7 days of IMV in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (PaO2/FiO2 <80 or PaCO2 ≥60 mmHg). We controlled for confounding using a multivariable Cox model based on predefined variables. MAIN RESULTS: 1,235 patients met the full eligibility criteria for the emulated trial, among whom 164 patients initiated ECMO. The ECMO strategy had a higher survival probability at Day-7 from the onset of eligibility criteria (87% vs 83%, risk difference: 4%, 95% CI 0;9%) which decreased during follow-up (survival at Day-90: 63% vs 65%, risk difference: -2%, 95% CI -10;5%). However, ECMO was associated with higher survival when performed in high-volume ECMO centers or in regions where a specific ECMO network organization was set up to handle high demand, and when initiated within the first 4 days of MV and in profoundly hypoxemic patients. CONCLUSIONS: In an emulated trial based on a nationwide COVID-19 cohort, we found differential survival over time of an ECMO compared with a no-ECMO strategy. However, ECMO was consistently associated with better outcomes when performed in high-volume centers and in regions with ECMO capacities specifically organized to handle high demand. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Une entrée d'index thématique : nom commun et référence

International audienceNotre recherche porte sur la création d’index thématiques pour les archives par les archivistes. Elle se concentre sur l’indexation thématique d’archives avec des noms communs comme termes d’indexation. Dans ce cadre, nous nous demandons comment s’effectue la référence d’un terme d’indexation. Après avoir rapidement circonscrit la notion d’index et décrit la sémiotique d’un index, nous envisageons la situation de communication à laquelle un index participe. Nous en dégageons deux caractéristiques, la polyphonie et l’intertextualité, et examinons, dans des index archivistiques, comment elles sont mises en jeu

Une entrée d'index thématique : nom commun et référence

International audienceNotre recherche porte sur la création d’index thématiques pour les archives par les archivistes. Elle se concentre sur l’indexation thématique d’archives avec des noms communs comme termes d’indexation. Dans ce cadre, nous nous demandons comment s’effectue la référence d’un terme d’indexation. Après avoir rapidement circonscrit la notion d’index et décrit la sémiotique d’un index, nous envisageons la situation de communication à laquelle un index participe. Nous en dégageons deux caractéristiques, la polyphonie et l’intertextualité, et examinons, dans des index archivistiques, comment elles sont mises en jeu